Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence by Robert E. Van Voorst

The book "Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence" by Robert E. Van Voorst explores various historical evidences about Jesus of Nazareth drawn from sources outside the New Testament. In this study, the author emphasizes that Jesus is one of the most influential figures in history, whose influence has spread through Christianity and impacted numerous cultures across the world [p. 1]. Although many books and scholarly articles have been written about Jesus, the interest in Him is not merely historical or academic, but also stems from the religious belief that Jesus is the Son of God and the Savior of the world [p. 1].

Firstly, the historical existence of Jesus is supported by the writings of the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. Josephus, who lived in the first century CE, mentions Jesus in his work Antiquities of the Jews. In this text, Josephus describes Jesus as a “wise man” and notes that He was called Christ by His followers [p. 81]. Although there is debate about the authenticity of certain parts of this text, most scholars agree that Josephus did indeed mention Jesus in a historical context [p. 81].

Secondly, Roman sources, particularly the writings of Tacitus—a Roman historian who lived in the second century CE—also mention Jesus. In his work Annals, Tacitus refers to the execution of Jesus under the governance of Pontius Pilate during the reign of Emperor Tiberius. Tacitus describes the Christian movement as a “dangerous superstition” that arose following Jesus’ death [p. 73]. This reference is important as it indicates that the Romans of that era acknowledged the existence of Jesus and the impact of His teachings.

Thirdly, Jesus is mentioned in the writings of other Jewish authors, including rabbis who referenced Him in theological and legal discussions. In rabbinic literature, Jesus is often portrayed as a teacher who performed miraculous acts through sorcery and taught doctrines considered heretical by Jewish authorities [p. 134]. Although this perspective is negative, it nevertheless confirms that Jesus was a recognized historical figure among the Jewish community of that time.

The fourth line of evidence comes from early Christian writings outside the New Testament, such as the letters of Ignatius of Antioch and Clement of Rome. These writers, who lived in the late first and early second centuries CE, refer to Jesus as a historical figure whose teachings formed the foundation of Christian faith. They affirmed their belief in the death and resurrection of Jesus, which is the core message of Christianity.

Fifth, acknowledgments from early skeptics and critics of Christianity. Although they rejected the theological claims about Jesus, they did not deny His historical existence. For instance, Celsus, a Greek philosopher who wrote in the second century CE, criticized Christian teachings but admitted that Jesus was a historical figure who was executed [p. 8]. This attitude shows that even opponents of Christianity at the time did not doubt Jesus' historical existence.

Sixth, the widespread influence of Jesus’ teachings beyond the early Jewish and Christian communities. Teachings such as the Sermon on the Mount and the “Golden Rule” have attracted the attention of and influenced people from various religious backgrounds, including agnostics and atheists [p. 1]. This influence indicates that Jesus was not only a historical figure but also a teacher whose messages hold universal appeal.

Seventh, the consensus among modern scholars regarding the historical existence of Jesus. While there are some writers who question or deny Jesus’ existence, the majority of historical scholars agree that Jesus was a real historical figure. For example, Rudolf Bultmann, a well-known theologian, stated that doubting Jesus' existence is baseless and not even worth refuting [p. 8]. This consensus is built on a critical analysis of available historical sources.

Eighth, recognition from classical authors who mention Jesus within a historical context. Although most Roman historical works from the time of Jesus have been lost, a few surviving classical authors, such as Suetonius, refer to the Christian movement and indirectly acknowledge Jesus’ existence [p. 70]. These limited references still suggest that Jesus was recognized as a historical figure by non-Christian writers of the time.

Ninth, the influence of Jesus in art and culture throughout history. Since the early days of Christianity, Jesus has been a central subject in art, music, and literature. Representations of Jesus in various art forms demonstrate that He has been recognized and revered throughout history [p. 1]. This cultural impact reflects recognition of Jesus’ existence and historical significance.

Tenth, the social and political impact of Jesus’ teachings. His teachings on love, forgiveness, and social justice have inspired numerous social and political movements throughout history, including the civil rights movement and the campaign to abolish slavery [p. 1]. This impact shows that Jesus was not only a historical figure but also a moral leader whose teachings continue to shape the world today.

Conclusion

The evidences presented in this book demonstrate that Jesus of Nazareth was indeed a real historical figure. Although there are debates regarding certain details of His life, the consensus among scholars and the corroborating evidence from various sources show that Jesus was a recognized and influential figure in history. His influence transcends religious and cultural boundaries, making Him one of the most significant figures in human history.

Reference

Van Voorst, R., 2000. Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.